TAC -OMP Backissu ( Phase VIII )-

I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY	1
1.1 Introduction	1
1.2 Summary	2
1.2.1 Market and Industry Status	2
1.2.2 Nanomaterials R&D in Japan	3
1.2.3 Carbon Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes, Fullerenes, and Their Hybrids	4
1.2.4 Other Nanomaterials	7
1.2.5 Electronic and Opto-electronic Nanodevices	8
1.2.6 Nanobio Developments: A Merging Point for Electronics and Life Science	9
1.2.7 Conclusions for the Future	11

II. MARKET AND INDUSTRY STATUS	13
2.1 Summary of Nanotechnology Market in Japan	13
2.2 Nanomaterials Market in Japan	14
2.2.1 Market Estimation Method and Assumptions	15
2.2.2 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Market Size	15
2.2.3 Nanoparticles Market Size	17
2.2.4 Information Technology-related Market Size	18
2.2.5 Bio-related Nanotechnology Market Size	19
2.3 Players in the Nanotechnology Market in Japan	20
2.3.1 Mitsui Corporation	20
2.3.2 SC Biosciences Corporation	22
2.3.3 YKK Corporation	23
2.3.4 Hosokawa Micron Corporation	24
2.3.5 Mu-Soltions Venture Company, Hitachi	24
2.3.6 Crestec	25
2.3.7 Harima Chemical	26
2.3.8 Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co., Ltd	26
2.3.9 Nippon Steel Chemical Group	27

III.OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY R&D ACTIVITIES IN JAPAN	29
3.1 Japanese Nanotechnology Impact and Strategy	29
3.2 Historical Background of Nanotechnology in Japan	31
3.3 Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Project	31
3.4 Atom Technology Project (1992-2001) in JRCAT	33
3.4.1 What is Atom Technology?	33
3.4.2 Atom Technology Project Funding and Organization	33
3.5 Nanotechnology National Project Map in Japan	35
3.6 NEDO Nanotechnology and Materials Project	39
3.7 Joint Government-Industry Nanotechnology Activities in Japan	40
3.8 The Keidanren Future Society Created Nanotechnology (n-Plan21)	41
3.9 Nanotechnology and Materials/Nanomaterials Research in Japan	44
3.10 Government Nanotechnology Projects in Other Countries	47

IV. ERATO, ATOM TECHNOLOGY AND NEDO PROJECT SUMMARIES	49
4.1 Results of Selected ERATO Projects Related to Nanotechnology	49
4.1.1 Hayashi _ Ultra-Fine Particle Project (1981-1986)	49
4.1.2 Masumoto _ Amorphous and Intercalation Compounds Project (1981-1986)	51
4.1.3 Yoshida _ Nano-Mechanism Project (1985-1990)	52
4.2 Summary of Atom Technology Project Results	54
4.2.1 Identification and Manipulation of Atoms and Molecules	55
4.2.2 Construction of Si Nanostructures Sized Less than 10nm	56
4.2.3 Development and Application of Materials with Innovative Electronic Properties	57
4.2.4 Computer Simulation Technology	58
4.2.5 Representative Achievements of the Atom Technology Project	60
4.3 NEDO Nanotechnology and Materials Projects	65
4.3.1 Nanotechnology Glass Project	66
4.3.2 Nanotechnology Metal Project	70
4.3.3 Coatings Nanostructure Project	77
4.3.4 Nanotechnology Material Metrology Project	82
4.3.5 Nanotechnology Particle Project	86
4.3.6 Synthetic Nano-Function Materials Project	90
4.3.7 Nanostructure Polymer Project	95
4.3.8 Literature References for Key Researchers of the NEDO Project	102

V. CARBON NANOTUBES	107
5.1 Introduction	107
5.2 Recent Topics	108
5.2.1 Development of a Catalyst for Synthesizing Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTS)	108
5.2.2 Increase in Product Yield of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes	109
5.2.3 Accelerated Development of a Miniaturized Fuel Cell by Using Carbon Nanohorns	110
5.2.4 Diameter Control of SWNTS	111
5.2.5 Wiring Fine Devices Using Carbon Nanotubes	112
5.2.6 Synthesis of Star-shaped Carbon Nanotubes	114
5.2.7 Carbon Nanotube Single-Electron Transistors at Room Temperature	116
5.2.8 Synthesis of Inorganic Single-Crystalline Nanorods	119
5.2.9 Carbon Nanotube Electron Gun with a Low Threshold Voltage	121
5.2.10 Bandgap Modulation of Carbon Nanotubes by Encapsulated Metallofullerenes	121
5.2.11 Commercial Production of Carbon Nanotubes by Mitsui & Co	122
5.2.12 Toray-Nagoya University Collaboration for DWNTS	122
5.3 Interesting Papers	123
5.3.1 Single Molecule DNA Device Measured with Triple-probe AFM	123
5.3.2 Local Current Density Detection of Individual SWNTS in a Bundle	124
5.4 Appendix: AIST Summary of MWNTs Research	141

VI. FULLERENES	141
6.1 Introduction	141
6.1.1 Continuous Discovery of New Fullerenes	141
6.1.2 Endohedral Metallofullerenes Possessing New Characteristics	142
6.1.3 Fullerenes Encaging Multi-atoms	143
6.1.4 Combinations of Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes: The Peapod	144
6.1.5 High Yield Synthesis of Nanotube Peapods	144
6.1.6 Application of Nanotube Peaposds to Nanoelectronics	145
6.1.7 Temperature Dependence of Conductance of Metallofullerenes Nanotube Peapods	147
6.2 Recent Topics in Fullerenes	147
6.2.1 Synthesis of a Tetrahedral Carbon Onion	147
6.2.2 Application of Fullerenes to Curing Cancer	148
6.2.3 A Heat-resistant Photosensitive Polymer Using a C60 Fullerene as a Photosensitizer	149
6.2.4 Measurement of Surface Temperature Using C60	150
6.2.5 Solar Cells Using C60	151
6.3 Interesting Papers	151
6.3.1 Discovery of C60O3 Isomer having C3v Symmetry	151
6.3.2 Direct Resolution of C76 Enantiomers by HPLC	152

VII. NANOCOMPOSITES	151
7.1 Recent Topics	151
7.1.1 Oxynitrides as a new Photocatalyst	151
7.1.2 Synthesis of Nanopipes of 1nm in Diameter Using a Zeolite	152
7.1.3 Novel Synthesis Method of Organic Intercalation Materials	153
7.1.4 Transparent and Non-sticky Flexible Polypropylene	154
7.1.5 Synthesis of Porous Titania Nanofilms	155
7.1.6 Preparation of an Oxide Single Crystal with High Thermoelectric Properties	157

7.1.7 Mass Production of Activated Oxygen (O-)	158
7.1.8 Synthesis of Porous Transition Metal Oxides	160

VIII. NANOMETALS	163
8.1 Nanometallurgy	163
8.2 Recent Topics	165
8.2.1 Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticles, JAIST	165
8.2.2 Steels Formed with 1 Micron Size Crystal Particles	172
8.2.3 Development of Strong Al-Fe Alloy	174
8.2.4 Fabrication of 1nm Thin Films with a Pulsed Plasma Ion Source	176
8.2.5 Self-assembly of 2D Metal Nanocrystal Structures with Negative Ions	177

8.2.6 Distortion of Crystals that Strengthen Steels	181
8.2.7 Tranmission Biosensors, KAST	182
8.2.8 100 nm Holes in Alumina Filled Up with Nickel	182
8.2.9 Fabrication of Highly Ordered Structures Using Anodic Porous Aluminum	183

8.2.10 Magnetic memory medium, FUJIFILM	184
8.2.11 DOWA MINIGA Starts Mass Production of 40nm Metal Powders	184
8.2.12 Conductive Films with 5-6nm Gold and Silver Powders, Sumitomo Metal Mining	185

IX. NANOCERAMICS	187
9.1 Recent Topics	187
9.1.1 High Density Lead Titanate	187
9.1.2 Improved Electrical Properties of Copper Oxide 4.10	189
9.1.3 Nanostructured Silicon Nitride Material	190
9.1.4 Nano-Size Transparent Crystals of PZT	192
9.1.5 Ceramics Sheet 0.3 nm Thick	194

X. NANO PHOTONICS	195
10.1 Introduction and Overview	195
10.1.1 Photonic Crystals	195
10.1.2 Near Field Light	203
10.1.3 Nano-glass Project in Japan	205
10.2 Recent Topics	212
10.2.1 Planar Waveguide in a Photonic Crystal	212
10.2.2 Smallest and Finest 3-D Photonic Crystals	214
10.2.3 Novel Method for the Fabrication of Quantum Dots	216
10.2.4 Quantum Dot Exciton	217
10.2.5 High Efficiency Luminescence of Yb-doped InP	218
10.2.6 Micro-gear Laser	220
10.2.7 Topcon Corporation‹Binary Optical Device	221
10.2.8 Time-resolved Spectrum of Near Field Light	222
10.2.9 Sr2CuO3	223
10.2.10 Fabrication of a Relflection-less Structure on Glass	224
10.2.11 Olympus Starts a Nano Foundry Business	226

XI. NANOCLUSTERS	227
11.1 Direct Observation of the Nano-Order Liquid Phase Cluster Structure	227

XII. NANOCOATINGS AND NANOSURFACES	229
12.1 Titanium Dioxide Coated with Apatite	229
12.2 Molecular Wrapping	231
12.2.1 Research Objective of the Spatio-Temporal Function Materials Research Group, RIKEN	233
12.3 Pinning Molecules on a Wafer	233
12.4 Metal Surface Flattening Method	235
12.5. Nanocoating Adds Density to Video Tape	237
12.5.1 Nanocoatings: Nano-ordered Ultra-thin Magnetic Layer for High Resolution	238
12.5.2 Nanoparticles: Ultra-fine Magnetic Particles to Reduce Media Noise	240
12.5.3 Nanodispersions: Uniform Particle Dispersion Technology Featuring a Newly Developed Polymer Compound	241

XIII. NANOPARTICLES	243
13.1 Introduction	243
13.2 Recent Topics	243
13.2.1 Purification of Proteins Related to Antitumor Action Using Nanoparticles	243
13.2.2 Catalyst Sheets Decomposing Organic Materials Using Titania Nanoparticles	244
13.2.3 Synthesis of Titania Nanoparticles Using Mesoporous Silica as a Template	245
13.2.4 Production of Monodisperse Silicon Nanocrystals	246
13.2.5 Control of the Diameter of Silicon Nanoparticles to 4nm and Its Application to a Single Electron Transistor	247
13.2.6 Synthesis of Ultrafine Porous Films Using Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles	248
13.2.7 A New Type of Magnetic Liposomes	250
13.2.8 Development of Fibers Coated with Nanoparticles	251
13.3 Interesting Papers	252
13.3.1 New In Situ Measurement Method for Nanoparticles	252
13.3.2 In Situ Production of Spherical Silica Particles Containing Self-Organized Mesopores: Control of Pore Size and Porosity	253

XIV. NANOWIRES	255
14.1 Introduction	255
14.2 Recent Topics5.3	255
14.2.1 Supramolecular Aggregates	255
14.2.2 Thermal Probe Heads	256
14.2.3 Self-organized Carbon Nanotubes on a SiO2 Substrate	258
14.2.4 Propagation Of Surface Plasmon Polariton in a Minute Waveguide	259
14.2.5 Various Supramolecular Structures with Polysilane	261
14.2.6 Memory Function with Si Nanowires and Gate Electrodes	264
14.2.7 Atomic Arrangement with a Laser	266
14.2.8 Nanowire of Gold	267
14.2.9 Nanowire Fabrication Using Conductive Polymers	267
14.3 Interesting Papers	269
14.3.1 Single Molecule DNA Devices Measured with Triple-Probe AFM	269
14.3.2.AFM Observation of Insulated Molecular Wire Formed by a Conducting Polymer and a Molecular Nanotube	270

XV. NANODEVICES	271
15.1 Introduction	271
15.1.1 Ultra-Small Processors	271
15.1.2 Nanomachining Technology	274
15.2 Recent Topics	279
15.2.1 Organic Transistors	279
15.2.2 Fluoride Resonant Tunneling Diodes Co-integrated with Si-MOSFETs	281
15.2.3 New ø1T2CÓ-type FeRAM	282
15.2.4 Thermally-Driven Screw-Sense Inversion of Helical Polysilylenes	283
15.2.5 Coercive Forces Measurement by Using Semiconductor- Magnetic Material Hybrid Structures	285
15.2.6 Analysis of the behavior of Josephson vortex flow	288
15.2.7 New Fabrication Method for Bismuth-based High Temperature Superconductor Whiskers	290
15.2.8 Quantum-Conductance Atomic Switch (QCAS)	292
15.2.9 Negative Differential Resistance on Ag/Si	295
15.2.10 Elementary Charge Manipulation by a Charge-coupled Device	296
15.2.11 New Ink-Jet Technology	298
15.2.12 Uni-directional Molecular Circulator with Motor Proteins	299
15.2.13 Graphite Nano Fiber, ULVAC	301

XVI. NANO-SCALE TESTING AND MEASUREMENT	303
16,1 Introduction	303
16.2 Recent Topics	303
16.2.1 Three-dimensional Observation of YB56 Atomic Structure	303
16.2.2 Multi-Probe STM for Electric Measurements of Nanoscale Materials	305
16.2.3 Observation of Zero-dimensional States of Electrons	306
16.2.4 Observation of LDOS at a Gold Surface	308
16.2.5 Two-Dimensional Surface Plasmon Resonance	309
16.2.6 Single Molecule Imaging of Green Fluorescent Proteins in Living Cells	311
16.2.7 DNA Detection and Identification by Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering	312
16.2.8 Improved Cathode Luminescence with 50-nm Space Resolution	313
16.2.9 Nanoparticle Detection, Yokogawa Electric Corporation	315
16.2.10 Three-Meter Size X-Ray Irradiation Equipment Providing 0.1-_M Diameter X-Rays	316
16.2.11 Biosensor, Horiba, Ltd. and Toyohashi University of Technology	316
16.2.12 High speed AFM, Kanazawa University	317

XVII. NANOBIOLOGY	319
17.1 Introduction	319
17.1.1 Proteins	319
17.1.2 The Bionano Process	320
17.2 Recent Topics	322
17.2.1 Nanotechnology and Material Development Project, MAFF	322
17.2.2 Metal Complex-type Artificial DNA	323
17.2.3 Separation of Lymphocytes on a Healthcare Tip	325
17.2.4 Fabrication of Small Capsules	326
17.2.5 ICAN and UCAM methods of Takara Shuzo	326
17.2.6 DNA Spray, Cluster Technology, Inc	327

XVIII. MESOPOROUS MATERIALS	329
18.1 Introduction	329
18.2 Recent Topics	329
18.2.1 Gas Sensing System Using Cubic-like Mesoporous Silica	329
18.2.2 Development of New Pulp Biobleaching Technology	330

XIXOTHER NANOMATERIALS-RELATED TOPICS	333
19.1.1 Nanoscale Domain Patterning in a Stoichiometric LiNbO3 Crystal Using a SPM	333
19.1.2 Small Structure Formation Using Polymers and Nanoparticles	334
19.1.3 A Nano Tool that Can Manipulate Nanoscale Materials	336
19.1.4 Electron Beam Processing, Elionix	338
19.1.5 Suppression of Roughness in EB Resist	339
19.1.6 Formation of 2-3 nm Si Dots by Electron Beam Irradiation	342
19.1.7 InAs Cantilever and Beam in Nanoscale	343
19.1.8 Near-field Optical Lithography with Bi-Layer Resist Technology	344
19.1.9 Pulsed Laser Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Combinatorial Chemistry	346
19.1.10 Ultra-high Precision Grinder, Nano Corporation	347
19.1.11 Ultra-high Precision Grinder, Toyoda Machine Works	347
19.1.12 Fluoride-resin Photoresist for the F2 Laser Lithography	347
19.2 Liquid Crystals	348
19.2.1 Liquid Crystal Alignment by a Nanorubbing Technique Utilizing Anatomic Force Microscope	348
19.2.2 Polyimide Film for Liquid Crystal Alignment, JSR	350
19.3 Other Nanomaterials	351
19.3.1 Nanocone of Boron Nitride	351
19.3.2 Ultra-low Frictional Thin Film Using Hexagonal Boron Nitride	352
19.3.3 Diamond Electron Emitter, JFCC	354
19.3.4 Diamond LED, Kobe Steel	355
19.3.5 Multi-Scrolled Carbon Nano Fiber (MSCNF), Futaba Corporation	356
19.3.6 Organic Nanotubes	357

XX. KEY JAPANESE CONTACTS IN NANOMATERIALS-RELATED FIELDS OF R&D	359

REFERENCES	365